Educational Philosophy Traditional And Progressive Style

Johnny Driza Professor Gee ENG 220 27 February 2017 Educational Philosophy From their initial approaches to their ultimate goal, the traditional and progressive style differ in almost every category. While the progressive style is widespread and used in a greater percentage of the world, both it and its counterpart, progressive education, are rooted in the ides of John Dewey, an American education reformer and philosopher. The traditional style sees school more as a preparation for life and focuses less on the individual more than it does on wave after wave of passive absorbers of information and authority. The progressive style views schooling as a sort of â€Å"stepping-stone† in life, a part that we use to further ourselves and our†¦show more content†¦The teacher is the source of information and authority and the linear learning that takes place in the program will be regulated by exam results that test on factual accumulation and skill mastery (Bonstingl). There is a set program in which decisions have been admini stratively made and there is little room to question or ponder the reasons why you are doing something because all that is necessary is memory and eventual recitation. Success in this type of style is determined through attaining higher scores than one’s peers through achieving the most correct answers on a given assessment. This type of approach does a great deal in terms of aiding the growth of the student’s crystallized intelligence, specifically with regards to their linguistic and logical-mathematical capabilities (Coe, Higgins, Aloisi, Elliot). It is rooted in old studies that have found that learning is aided the most by asking questions over and over and spacing out practice to simultaneously prepare a student for an upcoming exam. The goal of traditional style of teaching is not necessarily to teach and train multiple types of intelligence but rather to indirectly guide the student and have them obtain by-products while studying for academic mastery (Cothran) . In progressive education, the age old teacher-student dynamic is cast aside as the person whom was once known as the sole authority takes more of an aiding and facilitative role. School is a part of life inShow MoreRelatedJohn Dewey s Theory Of Evolution1099 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This research is on the background of John Dewey (1859-1952), his theories, his influences and the impact that his research had on the educational systems across the United States. Functionalism, Pragmatism and Individualism are looked at, as well as Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. It also goes into the impact that Dewey’s theories had on the educational system as it is viewed during John Dewey’s lifetime and today. John Dewey (1859-1952) was born in Burlington, Vermont in 1859. He graduatedRead MoreProgressive Education Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagesyou, words and ideas can change the world.† Typically, students do not hear enough of this type of passion in a traditional classroom. However, a progressive classroom, be it a cave or college can inspire students to memorize facts, not because they have to, but rather because they want to for the betterment of humanity. Society desperately needs students educated in a progressive style because America needs students who realize learning never stops. Today’s students and tomorrow’s professionalsRead MoreWhat Values From Traditional And Progressive Philosophies Complement Each Other868 Words   |  4 Pagesidentifiable philosophies that answer these questions: Traditional, Progressive, Existential and Critical Theory. However, they are often taken to the absolute and extreme. I firmly believe that taking both the main val ued approaches from the Traditional and Progressive Philosophies provides strong disciplinary focuses and knowledge integration. The combination of the two philosophies allows for a positive insight to all educational philosophies. Keeping the mind open to these philosophies allow forRead MoreThe Five Basic Principles Of Humanistic Education1318 Words   |  6 Pagesencourages students to work for short term results and prevents true knowledge that remains long after instruction. The fourth humanistic principle believes that both emotional feelings and knowledge are important to the learning process, unlike traditional educators, humanistic teachers do not separate the cognitive and affective domains (Principles, n.d.). Finally, humanistic educators insist that schools provide learners with a safe and secure environment to promote the learning process (PrinciplesRead MoreProgressive Theory Of Progressive Education961 Words   |  4 PagesProgressive Learning Theory in the US John Dewey’s Progressive Learning Theory is defined as any various reformist educational philosophies and methodologies since the late 1800s, applied especially to elementary schools, that reject the rote recitation and strict discipline of traditional, single classroom teaching, favoring instead more stimulation of the individual pupil as well as group discussion, more informality in the classroom, a broader curriculum, and use of laboratories, gymnasiumsRead MoreReflection On Progressivism1379 Words   |  6 PagesAfter completing the survey in the Introduction to Teaching textbook, I learned that my philosophy of education closely correlates with the views of progressivism. My understanding of this philosophy highlights the child as a whole and the importance of active learning that readies students for the world ahead of them. Progressivists also believe that experiences are a large part of a students learning which is why active learning is so common allowing students t o learn about themselves and learnRead More My Educational Philosophy Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesMy Educational Philosophy Let experience be your teacher. Let challenges be the test of life! ~Unknown Education is an experience that without a doubt no one can avoid at least for a while. While this process should be positive sometimes it can seem more negative. People should not look back at their education and perceive it as a â€Å"bad† thing or a waste of time. Logically one would think that a person is entitled to their own opinion; however, the opinion of one’s education should neverRead MoreUnderstanding The Current Epistemological Understanding1627 Words   |  7 Pagesresearched and proven to be true. For example, when teaching science or math (or really any subject), I will use methods, formulas, equations, etc. that have been used for numerous years before me. This would demonstrate a sense of empiricism within my educational pedagogy and teaching methods. Moreover, when it comes to implementing Biblical principles into my classroom, I can be confident that what I am teaching is accurate, true, and unchanging. The Bible is absolute truth and the basis for righteous livingRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1335 Words   |  6 Pages I tested into a progressivism teaching style in the â€Å"Finding Your Philosophy of Education Quiz.† While I enjoyed learning about the different philosophies and psychological influences of teaching, I prefer constructivism, social reconstruction, and progressivism due to their student-centered learning, hands-on or project based learning style, while making efforts to improve the world around them. I will be discussing why I chose progressivism, social reconstruction, and constructivism as my preferencesRead More My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education Without education, society as we know it would cease to exist. Formal education is what has made our country and other industrialized nations great. Thus, as a future educator, I anticipate the opportunity to assist in the molding of future generations by imparting essential knowledge. The famous philosopher and educator, John Dewey, once said, Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experience. It is the

Jane Mail, By Jane E. Brody - 979 Words

As people get older, life can get more complicated. When one ages, one is more prone to more negative experiences such as death of loved ones or an incident that is life changing. According to this article written by Jane E. Brody, such experiences can effect one’s ability to work the same job they have been working for 30 plus years (2016). However, many as a society hold the assumption that older adults lack the ability to recreate their vocational experience and instead should â€Å"settle down† and retire. Realistically, however, many older adults are not economically stable to retire. Jane E. Brody argues that changing your career to something that is fulfilling to an aging adult can not only be possible, but highly satisfying and beneficial. The overall theme for this article is â€Å"re-creating yourself† and the stories of older adults who have bravely chosen a different path of employment (of interest) after having done something different for over decad es. Used as one example in the article was Dr. Kenneth Jaffe, a former practicing doctor who left his profession to raising and selling natural grass fed beef (Brody,2016). By incorporating his love of sustainability, he was able to start a cooperation, even at the age of 55. Such actions can challenge a preconceived notion one may have of you based on your previous employments. As humans, we make heuristics (short-cuts) so we are able to quickly transition to new aspects presented to us in life (Henrie,2016).Show MoreRelated Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Its Effect on Skin Cancer Incidence2712 Words   |  11 Pageseliminated production of 21 ozone d epleting chemicals by 1996 (under the Copenhagen Amendments). If we assumed full global compliance with the restrictions and no change in human behavior with regard to sun exposure (which is an unlikely case), th e researchers estimated that with no restrictions, skin cancer incidence would be four times as grea t by the year 2100 ; un der the Montreal protocol, skin cancer incidence would (only) doublthe year 2100; and under the Copenhagen Amendments, skin cancerRead MoreWho Are You Calling Old? Negotiating Old Age Identity in the Elderly Consumption Ensemble Michelle Barnhart Àà º Lisa Penaloza18943 Words   |  76 Pagesindependent living, single-family home with live-in care, and singlefamily home alone or with a spouse. Seven of the eight family members and all six of the paid caregivers are women, consistent with the ï ¬ ndings that 75% of family caregivers are women (Brody 2004) and that a lower percentage of men work in home care professions (Schindel et al. 2006). Family members were all in their 50s and 60s. Four paid service providers were in their 50s, one was in her 60s, and one was 70. All elderly informantsRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company and Disney Management25371 Words   |  102 PagesPART SIX cases 2 THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF GLOBAL MARKETING O UTL I N E O F CASES 2-1 The Not-So-Wonderful World of EuroDisney— Things Are Better Now at Disneyland Resort Paris 2-2 Cultural Norms, Fair Lovely, and Advertising 2-3 Starnes-Brenner Machine Tool Company: To Bribe or Not to Bribe? 2-4 Ethics and Airbus 2-5 Coping with Corruption in Trading with China 2-6 When International Buyers and Sellers Disagree 2-7 McDonald’s and Obesity 2-8 Ultrasound Machines, India, China, and a SkewedRead MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pages2013-2014 Ed. CHAPTER 3 LIABILITY FOR TAX, INCOME DETERMINATION, AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE INCOME TAX SYSTEM Review Questions 1. Which of the following entities are subject to income tax? (a) proprietorship (b) individual (c) joint venture (d) trust (e) limited partnership (f) corporation (g) partnership 2. Describe how the income earned by any of the non-taxable entities listed above is included in the Canadian tax system. 3. How and when does income earned by a corporation affect the tax position

Second Foundation 19. End of War Free Essays

string(62) " to count on pin-point return as regards both space and time\." QUORISTON, BATTLE OF Fought on 9, 17, 377 F.E. between the forces of the Foundation and those of Lord Stettin of Kalgan, it was the last battle of consequence during the Interregnum†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica Jole Turbor, in his new role of war correspondent, found his bulk incased in a naval uniform, and rather liked it. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Foundation 19. End of War or any similar topic only for you Order Now He enjoyed being back on the air, and some of the fierce helplessness of the futile fight against the Second Foundation left him in the excitement of another sort of fight with substantial ships and ordinary men. To be sure, the Foundation’s fight had not been remarkable for victories, but it was still possible to be philosophic about the matter. After six months, the hard core of the Foundation was untouched, and the hard core of the Fleet was still in being. With the new additions since the start of the war, it was almost as strong numerically, and stronger technically, than before the defeat at Ifni. And meanwhile, planetary defenses were being strengthened; the armed forces better trained; administrative efficiency was having some of the water squeezed out of it – and much of the Kalganian’s conquering fleet was being wallowed down through the necessity of occupying the â€Å"conquered† territory. At the moment, Turbor was with the Third Fleet in the outer reaches of the Anacreonian sector. In line with his policy of making this a â€Å"little man’s war,† he was interviewing Fennel Leemor, Engineer Third Class, volunteer. â€Å"Tell us a little about yourself, sailor,† said Turbor. â€Å"Ain’t much to tell,† Leemor shuffled his feet and allowed a faint, bashful smile to cover his face, as though he could see all the millions that undoubtedly could see him at the moment. I’m a Locrian. Got a job in an air-car factory; section head and good pay. I’m married; got two kids, both girls. Say, I couldn’t say hello to them, could I – in case they’re listening.† â€Å"Go ahead, sailor. The video is all yours.† â€Å"Gosh, thanks.† He burbled, â€Å"Hello, Milla, in case you’re listening, I’m fine. Is Sunni all right? And Tomma? I think of you all the time and maybe I’ll be back on furlough after we get back to port. I got your food parcel but I’m sending it back. We get our regular mess, but they say the civilians are a little tight. I guess that’s all.† â€Å"I’ll look her up next time I’m on Locris, sailor, and make sure she’s not short of food. O.K.?† The young man smiled broadly and nodded his head. â€Å"Thank you, Mr. Turbor. I’d appreciate that.† â€Å"All right. Suppose you tell us, then – You’re a volunteer, aren’t you?† â€Å"Sure am. If anyone picks a fight with me, I don’t have to wait for anyone to drag me in. I joined up the day I heard about the Hober Mallow.† â€Å"That’s a fine spirit. Have you seen much action? I notice â€Å"You’re wearing two battle stars.† â€Å"Ptah.† The sailor spat. â€Å"Those weren’t battles, they were chases. The Kalganians don’t fight, unless they have odds of five to one or better in their favor. Even then they just edge in and try to cut us up ship by ship. Cousin of mine was at Ifni and he was on a ship that got away, the old Ebling Mis. He says it was the same there. They had their Main Fleet against just a wing division of ours, and down to where we only had five ships left, they kept stalking instead of fighting. We got twice as many of their ships at that fight.† â€Å"Then you think we’re going to win the war?† â€Å"Sure bet; now that we aren’t retreating. Even if things got too bad, that’s when I’d expect the Second Foundation to step in. We still got the Seldon Plan – and they know it, too.† Turbor’s lips curled a bit. â€Å"You’re counting on the Second Foundation, then?† The answer came with honest surprise. â€Å"Well, doesn’t everyone?† Junior Officer Tippellum stepped into Turbor’s room after the visicast. He shoved a cigarette at the correspondent and knocked his cap back to a perilous balance on the occiput. â€Å"We picked up a prisoner,† he said. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Little crazy fellow. Claims to be a neutral – diplomatic immunity, no less. I don’t think they know what to do with him. His name’s Palvro, Palver, something like that, and he says he’s from Trantor. Don’t know what in space he’s doing in a war zone.† But Turbor had swung to a sitting position on his bunk and the nap he had been about to take was forgotten. He remembered quite well his last interview with Darell, the day after war had been declared and he was shoving off. â€Å"Preem Palver,† he said. It was a statement. Tippellum paused and let the smoke trickle out the sides of his mouth. â€Å"Yeah,† he said, â€Å"how in space did you know?† â€Å"Never mind. Can I see him?† â€Å"Space, I can’t say. The old man has him in his own room for questioning. Everyone figures he’s a spy.† â€Å"You tell the old man that I know him, if he’s who he claims he is. I’II take the responsibility.† Captain Dixyl on the flagship of the Third Fleet watched unremittingly at the Grand Detector. No ship could avoid being a source of subatomic radiation – not even if it were lying an inert mass – and each focal point of such radiation was a little sparkle in the three-dimensional field. Each one of the Foundation’s ships were accounted for and no sparkle was left over, now that the little spy who claimed to be a neutral had been picked up. For a while, that outside ship had created a stir in the captain’s quarters. The tactics might have needed changing on short notice. As it was- â€Å"Are you sure you have it?† he asked. Commander Cenn nodded. â€Å"I will take my squadron through hyperspace: radius, 10.00 parsecs; theta, 268.52 degrees; phi, 84.15 degrees. Return to origin at 1330. Total absence 11.83 hours.† â€Å"Right. Now we are going to count on pin-point return as regards both space and time. You read "Second Foundation 19. End of War" in category "Essay examples" Understand?† â€Å"Yes, captain.† He looked at his wrist watch, â€Å"My ships will be ready by 0140.† â€Å"Good,† said Captain Dixyl. The Kalganian squadron was not within detector range now, but they would be soon. There was independent information to that effect. Without Cenn’s squadron the Foundation forces would be badly outnumbered, but the captain was quite confident. Quite confident. Preem Palver looked sadly about him. First at the tall, skinny admiral; then at the others, everyone in uniform; and now at this last one, big and stout, with his collar open and no tie – not like the rest – who said he wanted to speak to him. Jole Turbor was saying: â€Å"I am perfectly aware, admiral, of the serious possibilities involved here, but I tell you that if I can be allowed to speak to him for a few minutes, I may be able to settle the current uncertainty.† â€Å"Is there any reason why you can’t question him before me?† Turbor pursed his lips and looked stubborn. â€Å"Admiral,† he said, â€Å"while I have been attached to your ships, the Third Fleet has received an excellent press. You may station men outside the door, if you like, and you may return in five minutes. But, meanwhile, humor me a bit, and your public relations will not suffer. Do you understand me?† He did. Then Turbor in the isolation that followed, turned to Palver, and said, â€Å"Quickly – what is the name of the girl you abducted.† And Palver could simply stare round-eyed, and shake his head. â€Å"No nonsense,† said Turbor. â€Å"If you do not answer, you will be a spy and spies are blasted without trial in war time.† â€Å"Arcadia Darell!† gasped Palver. â€Å"Well! All right, then. Is she safe?† Palver nodded. â€Å"You had better be sure of that, or it won’t be well for you.† â€Å"She is in good health, perfectly safe,† said Palver, palely. The admiral returned, â€Å"Well?† â€Å"The man, sir, is not a spy. You may believe what he tells you. I vouch for him.† â€Å"That so?† The admiral frowned. â€Å"Then he represents an agricultural co-operative on Trantor that wants to make a trade treaty with Terminus for the delivery of grains and potatoes. Well, all right, but he can’t leave now.† â€Å"Why not?† asked Palver, quickly. â€Å"Because we’re in the middle of a battle. After it is over – assuming we’re still alive – we’ll take you to Terminus.† The Kalganian fleet that spanned through space detected the Foundation ships from an incredible distance and were themselves detected. Like little fireflies in each other’s Grand Detectors, they closed in across the emptiness. And the Foundation’s admiral frowned and said, â€Å"This must be their main push. Look at the numbers.† Then, â€Å"They won’t stand up before us, though; not if Cenn’s detachment can be counted on.† Commander Cenn had left hours before – at the first detection of the coming enemy. There was no way of altering the plan now. It worked or it didn’t, but the admiral felt quite comfortable. As did the officers. As did the men. Again watch the fireflies. Like a deadly ballet dance, in precise formations, they sparked. The Foundation fleet edged slowly backwards. Hours passed and the fleet veered slowly off, teasing the advancing enemy slightly off course, then more so. In the minds of the dictators of the battle plan, there was a certain volume of space that must be occupied by the Kalganian ships. Out from that volume crept the Foundationers; into it slipped the Kalganians. Those that passed out again were attacked, suddenly and fiercely. Those that stayed within were not touched. It all depended on the reluctance of the ships of Lord Stettin to take the initiative themselves – on their willingness to remain where none attacked. Captain Dixyl stared frigidly at his wrist watch. It was 1310, â€Å"We’ve got twenty minutes,† he said. The lieutenant at his side nodded tensely, â€Å"It looks all right so far, captain. We’ve got more than ninety percent of them boxed. If we can keep them that way-â€Å" â€Å"Yes! If-â€Å" The Foundation ships were drifting forward again – very slowly. Not quick enough to urge a Kalganian retreat and just quickly enough to discourage a Kalganian advance. They preferred to wait. And the minutes passed. At 1325, the admiral’s buzzer sounded in seventy-five ships of the Foundation’s line, and they built up to a maximum acceleration towards the front-plane of the Kalganian fleet, itself three hundred strong. Kalganian shields flared into action, and the vast energy beams flicked out. Every one of the three hundred concentrated in the same direction, towards their mad attackers who bore down relentlessly, uncaringly and- At 1330, fifty ships under Commander Cenn appeared from nowhere, in one single bound through hyperspace to a calculated spot at a calculated time – and were spaced in tearing fury at the unprepared Kalganian rear. The trap worked perfectly. The Kalganians still had numbers on their side, but they were in no mood to count. Their first effort was to escape and the formation once broken was only the more vulnerable, as the enemy ships bumbled into one another’s path. After a while, it took on the proportions of a rat hunt. Of three hundred Kalganian ships, the core and pride of their fleet, some sixty or less, many in a state of near-hopeless disrepair, reached Kalgan once more. The Foundation loss was eight ships out of a total of one hundred twenty-five. Preem Palver landed on Terminus at the height of the celebration. He found the furore distracting, but before he left the planet, he had accomplished two things, and received one request. The two things accomplished were: 1) the conclusion of an agreement whereby Palver’s co-operative was to deliver twenty shiploads of certain foodstuffs per month for the next year at a war price, without, thanks to the recent battle, a corresponding war risk, and 2) the transfer to Dr. Darell of Arcadia’s five short words. For a startled moment, Darell had stared wide-eyed at him, and then he had made his request. It was to carry an answer back to Arcadia. Palver liked it; it was a simple answer and made sense. It was: â€Å"Come back now. There won’t be any danger.† Lord Stettin was in raging frustration. To watch his every weapon break in his hands; to feel the firm fabric of his military might part like the rotten thread it suddenly turned out to be – would have turned phlegmaticism itself into flowing lava. And yet he was helpless, and knew it. He hadn’t really slept well in weeks. He hadn’t shaved in three days. He had canceled all audiences. His admirals were left to themselves and none knew better than the Lord of Kalgan that very little time and no further defeats need elapse before he would have to contend with internal rebellion. Lev Meirus, First Minister, was no help. He stood there, calm and indecently old, with his thin, nervous finger stroking, as always, the wrinkled line from nose to chin. â€Å"Well,† shouted Stettin at him, â€Å"contribute something. We stand here defeated, do you understand? Defeated! And why? I don’t know why. There you have it. I don’t know why. Do you know why?† â€Å"I think so,† said Meirus, calmly. â€Å"Treason!† The word came out softly, and other words followed as softly. â€Å"You’ve known of treason, and you’ve kept quiet. You served the fool I ejected from the First Citizenship and you think you can serve whatever foul rat replaces me. If you have acted so, I will extract your entrails for it and burn them before your living eyes.† Meirus was unmoved. â€Å"I have tried to fill you with my own doubts, not once, but many times. I have dinned it in your ears and you have preferred the advice of others because it stuffed your ego better. Matters have turned out not as I feared, but even worse. If you do not care to listen now, say so, sir, and I shall leave, and, in due course, deal with your successor, whose first act, no doubt, will be to sign a treaty of peace.† Stettin stared at him red-eyed, enormous fists slowly clenching and unclenching. â€Å"Speak, you gray slug. Speak!† â€Å"I have told you often, sir, that you are not the Mule. You may control ships and guns but you cannot control the minds of your subjects. Are you aware, sir, of who it is you are fighting? You fight the Foundation, which is never defeated – the Foundation, which is protected by the Seldon Plan – the Foundation, which is destined to form a new Empire.† â€Å"There is no Plan. No longer. Munn has said so.† â€Å"Then Munn is wrong. And if he were right, what then? You and I, sir, are not the people. The men and women of Kalgan and its subject worlds believe utterly and deeply in the Seldon Plan as do all the inhabitants of this end of the Galaxy. Nearly four hundred years of history teach the fact that the Foundation cannot be beaten. Neither the kingdoms nor the warlords nor the old Galactic Empire itself could do it.† â€Å"The Mule did it.† â€Å"Exactly, and he was beyond calculation – and you are not. What is worse, the people know that you are not. So your ships go into battle fearing defeat in some unknown way. The insubstantial fabric of the Plan hangs over them so that they are cautious and look before they attack and wonder a little too much. While on the other side, that same insubstantial fabric fills the enemy with confidence, removes fear, maintains morale in the face of early defeats. Why not? The Foundation has always been defeated at first and has always won in the end. â€Å"And your own morale, sir? You stand everywhere on enemy territory. Your own dominions have not been invaded; are still not in danger of invasion – yet you are defeated. You don’t believe in the possibility, even, of victory, because you know there is none. â€Å"Stoop, then, or you will be beaten to your knees. Stoop voluntarily, and you may save a remnant. You have depended on metal and power and they have sustained you as far as they could. You have ignored mind and morale and they have failed you. Now, take my advice. You have the Foundation man, Homir Munn. Release him. Send him back to Terminus and he will carry your peace offers.† Stettin’s teeth ground behind his pale, set lips. But what choice had he? On the first day of the new year, Homir Munn left Kalgan again. More than six months had passed since he had left Terminus and in the interim, a war had raged and faded. He had come alone, but he left escorted. He had come a simple man of private life; he left the unappointed but nevertheless, actual, ambassador of peace. And what had most changed was his early concern over the Second Foundation. He laughed at the thought of that: and pictured in luxuriant detail the final revelation to Dr. Darell, to that energetic, young competent, Anthor, to all of them- He knew. He, Homir Munn, finally knew the truth. How to cite Second Foundation 19. End of War, Essay examples

Ikea Supply Chain free essay sample

Introduction: IKEA is a privately held, international home products company that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture such as beds and desks, appliances and home accessories. The company is the worlds largest furniture retailer. It was founded in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden. As of October 2010, the chain has 313 stores in 38 countries, most of them in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. The word IKEA was an acronym of his name and address: Ingvar Kamprad and Elmtaryd, Agunnarydthe name of his farm and the name of the village it was located within. IKEA’s Business Model: IKEA’s competitive advantage is its business model which strives on continuous improvement, best prices, quality products, self-service, production centric design, proactive partnership with suppliers (1500 suppliers in 46 countries) and an integrated global supply chain. IKEA was pioneer of designing and selling ready-to-assemble furniture and practicing flat-packaging. IKEA introduced the concept of flat pack furniture which is a form of furniture that is purchased in multiple pieces and requires assembly. IKEA’s furniture generally arrives in a box and contains instructions for the buyer to follow in order to assemble it after purchase. For that IKEA depends upon the wide array of suppliers who are skilled and have got good natural resources. IKEA also publishes an annual catalog in 55 editions, in 27 languages for 36 countries and is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant, consuming 70% of the companys annual marketing budget. The IKEA stores are large and customers can pick their own purchases. Further services are provided through the IKEA catalogue and home delivery. When IKEA entered Russia, the company noticed that wherever a store was opened, the value of the nearby real estate increased dramatically. Hence IKEA explored two business models simultaneously: selling through stores and capturing the appreciation in real estate values through mall development. IKEA’s new division: Mega Mall makes more profit on developing and running malls in Russia than on its traditional standalone retail business. IKEA Distribution Services is reacting to the growing number of online orders with a new Order Tracking System to help it manage deliveries. Also IKEA works with suppliers to reduce waste or use waste products in further manufacture. To help it has a Code of Conduct called the IKEA Way (IWAY). Supply Chain Model: The global planning process is owned by a central function at IKEA of Sweden (IoS), where decisions concerning the number of articles, purchasing, suppliers, distribution, store coordination, and so forth, are made. As such, IoS is the centre of all planning activities in the new planning process. The phases of supply chain of IKEA are: 1)Sales Planning: The sales planning starts with the overall sales forecast made by the corporate management (Group Management, GM) at IKEA. The forecast is made on an aggregate level in terms of total sales volumes in monetary units for IKEA in total. The forecast is related to the strategic business plan, involving business cycle and market intelligence issues, and includes the remaining part of the current fiscal year plus five years into the future. 2)Demand Planning: Some 32 Demand Planners are active in the tactical demand planning process each responsible for forecasting a certain part of the assortment. The tactical forecast resides with IoS (IKEA of Sweden) and is done on a rolling 84 weeks planning horizon on store level, with new historical sales data loaded once a week. The operational forecast is a manual forecast (for the most of the time – replenishment needed in the stores) registered by the respective sales unit (i. e. store) for the coming three weeks, whereas a tactical forecast (based on sales history) is used for weeks four to 84. The operational forecast and the tactical forecast are combined to create a final forecast for each article on the selling unit level (i. e. the store level). Thereafter the forecasts on store levels are aggregated, reconciled, and compared with the sales frames on the retail forecast group level (i. e. normally country level) and on the distribution services region level (several countries). 3)Need Planning: The need planning process follows traditional distribution requirements planning (DRP) principles. The stores provide a forecast for each article for the coming three weeks (after the product lead-time). The forecasts are netted against current stock levels and safety stock requirements at the stores, and also netted against goods in transit. Thereafter the stores net requirements are aggregated into distribution centres (DCs) and also here netted against DC stock levels and goods in transit to replenish the DCs. Each DC Group is thereafter aggregated and the calculated forecasted demand for the coming 84 weeks is established. Volumes are divided between suppliers based on a so-called Supplier Matrix that determines the split of volumes between different suppliers. One DC SKU could for example be sourced from two or three predetermined suppliers. 4)Supplier capacity planning: The need calculation is used to plan capacity requirements at the suppliers. In the general agreements between IKEA and its suppliers, IKEA often commits to provide a certain volume to a supplier. This is to make the supplier willing to invest in plants and equipment to produce the desired products. Furthermore, the supplier communicates a capacity limit to IKEA up to which the supplier can guarantee delivery of volumes. IKEA’s planning process enablers: 1)Planning Organization: Two specialized planning positions were developed to carry out the main processes in the global planning concept: Demand planners (sales planning) and Need planners (to match need planning with the capacity planning). 2)Data Quality: The importance of improved data quality was early identified as an important cornerstone in order to make the global planning concept successful. Insufficient maintenance of lead time data gave wrong input to need calculation and caused stock out problems in stores. Process improvement was difficult because of incompatible data capture and lead time measurements throughout the supply chain. As a response to these problems, a new lead time concept that assigns clear responsibilities to different actors was implemented. Furthermore, a work group was established with members across the supply chain deciding on working methods and lead time issues and a web-based application (based on a data warehouse solution) was created to visualize lead times and exceptions on missing lead time data. 3)Software Support: The JDA Networks Demand module was implemented to support the forecasting processes. The software, in combination with organizational changes, made it possible to reduce the number of forecasters from 120 to around 30, and at the same time the average forecast accuracy increased from 60 % to 80 %. 4)Project and change management: Part of the recent change efforts, the change process has been taken seriously. A Four-Step model has been defined clearly recognizing the need to create awareness in the first step, create interest in what is coming in the second step, making users try out the solution in the third step and finally adopt the changes in the fourth and last step. References: †¢http://www. plan. se/files/Jonsson_Rudberg_Holmberg_08. pdf †¢http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/05_46/b3959001. htm †¢www. tejonranch. com/tic/img/tenants/ikea/ikea_case_study. pdf †¢www. jda. com/file_bin/casestudies/IKEA_casestudy_022610. pdf †¢www. impgroup. org/uploads/papers/7227. pdf †¢http://martonhouse. wordpress. com/2007/06/25/the-ikea-business-model/ †¢http://khookaypeng. blogspot. com/2007/03/ikea-business-idea. html